ELECTRONICS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES
Keywords:
Digital electronics, Semiconductor innovation, Internet of Things, Artificial intelligence hardware, Cyber-physical systems, Sustainability, Electronic securityAbstract
Abstract The digital era has transformed electronics from conventional hardware-centric systems into intelligent, interconnected, and adaptive platforms that drive modern society. Advances in semiconductor technology, embedded systems, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and communication networks have redefined the scope and impact of electronic systems across industries
such as healthcare, manufacturing, energy, transportation, and consumer services. This paper examines the evolution of electronics in the digital era, emphasizing recent technological innovations while critically analyzing the challenges associated with complexity, sustainability, security, and ethical responsibility. The discussion integrates developments in nanoelectronics, AI-assisted
hardware, smart sensors, and cyber-physical systems, highlighting their role in shaping digital transformation. Furthermore, the paper explores systemic challenges including power consumption, electronic waste, cybersecurity threats, and skills gaps in the workforce. By synthesizing recent literature from 2018 onwards, this study provides a comprehensive perspective on how electronics continues to serve as the backbone of digital economies while facing unprecedented technical and societal pressures. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and policy considerations necessary for sustainable and secure electronic innovation.
